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(from An Alphabetical Analysis by Charles Welch)
The English word "church" has come down to us from the Greek through the Gothic. Walafrid Strabo, who wrote
about A.D.840 gives as the explanation of the word "kyrch" the Greek kuriake, a word that means "related to the Lord," as he kuriake hemera "the
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Lord's day." The Scottish word "kirk" retains the sound of the Greek original still. In ordinary
parlance, the word church can refer both to the body of worshippers assembled together, or to the building
in which they are met, but there is no instance in the N.T. where the word "church" refers to a building. In
the ministry of Paul a transition in the usage of the word is observable which is dispensationally important.
Before Acts 28 and while the hope of Israel still obtained, the Apostle addressed six epistles to different companies of believers. "Unto the churches of Galatia," "Unto the church of the Thessalonians," "Unto the church of God
which is at Corinth." Thus five of these early
epistles use the word "church" in a local sense. Romans is the exception in this group, this epistle is not addressed to "the church which is at Rome" but "To all that be in
Rome, beloved of God, called to be saints" (Rom. 1:7), the word church being reserved for the last chapter, where it occurs five times.
This prepares the way for the great change which meets us in Ephesians and Colossians. In these great epistles of the Mystery, the word church is not used in the opening salutation, but is
invested with new glory, the first occurrence being in Ephesians 1:22,23, "The church which is
His body, the fulness of Him that filleth all in all." The word translated "church," is with one exception the translation of the Greek word ekklesia, which becomes in English ecclesia and
enters into the composition of such words as ecclesiastical, etc. The one exception is Acts 19:37, "robbers of churches," which the R.V.more correctly renders "robbers of temples." Ekklesia occurs in the N.T. 115 times, three of these
occurrences being tanslated "assembly" the rest "church." The Septuagint version uses the word about eighty times, but
we will defer their examination until we have finished our survey of the usage of the word in the N.T.
The following extract from Trench on the Synonyms of the New Testament is of interest:
"There are words whose history it is peculiarly interesting to watch, as they obtain a deeper meaning, and
receive a new consecration, in the Christian Church; which, even while it did not invent, has yet assumed them
into its service, and employed them in a far loftier sense than any to which the world had ever put them before.
The very word by which the Church is named is itself an example--a more illustrious one could scarcely be found-
-of this gradual ennobling of a word. For we have it in three distinct stages of meaning--the heathen, the Jewish,
and the Christian. In respect of the first, as all know, was the lawful assembly in a free Greek city of all those
possessed of the rights of citizenship, for the transaction of public affairs. That they were summoned is expressed in the latter part of the word; that they were summoned out of the whole population, a large, but at the
same time a select portion of it, including neither the populace, nor strangers, nor yet those who had forfeited their civic rights, this is expressed in the first. Both the calling and the calling out, are moments to be remembered,
when the word is assumed into a higher Christian sense, for in them the chief part of its peculiar adaptation to its
auguster uses lies. It is interesting to observe how, on one occasion in the N.T. the word returns to this its earlier significance (Acts 19:32,39,41)."
The LXX uses the word ekklesia to translate the Hebrew qahal. Qahal means to call, to assemble, and the noun
form means a congregation or assembly. Solomon is called koheleth the Preacher, translated by the LXX ekklesiastes.
The earliest known occurrence of the word is found in Job 30:28, "I cried in the congregation." In the books of the law, qahal is rendered by the Greek word sunagoge, showing that the synagogue is the beginning of the N.T. church. Stephen
in his speech which ended in his martyrdom referred to the history of Israel, and dwells for considerable length upon the one great leader Moses, saying in Acts 7:38:
"This is he, that was in the CHURCH in the wilderness with the
angel which spake to him in the mount Sinai."
The people of Israel, looked upon as "a called-out assembly" were "the Church" of that period.
In the nineteenth chapter of Acts, a reference is made to the Greek usage of the word ekklesia. The concourse
of people gathered to the theater at Ephesus is referred to as an ekklesia, "the assembly was confused" (Acts 19:32).
Upon the arrival of the town clerk, he reproved the people for the rashness of their proceedings saying: "If ye inquire anything concerning other matters, it shall be determined in a lawful assembly (ekklesia)" (Acts 19:39), and having thus
spoken he dismissed the assembly (Acts 19:41). Here the word is used in its original sense, a called-out people,
assembled for a particular purpose. It will be seen therefore, that it is not enough to point to the word "church" and
thereby set aside the distinctive callings of God. The kingdom as announced in Matthew is not to be contrasted with a
church, but is in itself to be viewed as a company of called-out ones. The reference to the church in Matthew 16:18 does
not look to the subject of subsequent revelation reserved for the prison ministry of Paul, but to the calling that was
announced in the Gospel of the Kingdom. There was a "church" before Pentecost, as Matthew 18:17 makes clear.
In the Prison Epistles (which see under that title) the word ekklesia is advanced to its highest conception. It is "the
body of Christ," it will be "the fulness of Him that filleth all in all." It will be seen that it is not enough to say: "The church
began at Pentecost," we must go further, and define what church is in view. Under the heading ekklesia or "called-out
company" we find the following different assemblies, ranging from the nation of Israel separated from all the nations of the
earth down to the church to which Philemon acted as host. Before, therefore, we build up any doctrine upon the presence
of the word "church" in any passage of scripture we should consult the context and realize the dispensation in which any particular church finds its calling and sphere.
Ekklesia
1. The nation of Israel viewed as distinct in their calling to be a kingdom of Priests in the earth (Acts 7:38). In this
light it will be perceived that some care must be exercised when we are seeking to differentiate betrween the Kingdom and the Church.
2. The Church spoken of as existing in the days of Christ's earthly ministry before either His sacrificial death, or
before the day of Pentecost (Matt. 18:17).
3. The Church concerning which Christ spoke as future, and built upon the rock, and confession "Thou art the
Christ the Son of the living God" related to Peter with his keys of the kingdom of heaven (Matt. 16:18).
4. The Church which was formed in the day of Pentecost, which
(a) partly fulfilled the prophecy of Joel 2:28,29.
(b) Awaits complete fulfilment until the future day of the Lord.
(c) Is inseparable from the enduement of spiritual gifts.
(d) Is inseparable from the kingdom of Israel (Acts 1:6, 2:30,31).
(e) Is inseparable from baptism for the remission of sins. This Church is related to the dispersion (Jas. 1:1, 5:14).
5. The Church of God, which Paul persecuted before his conversion in Acts 9 (Gal. 1:13, 1 Cor. 15:9, Phil. 3:6)
and which continued to assemble and to grow under his subsequent ministry (1 Cor. 1:2, 11:16, 1 Thess. 2:14, 2 Thess. 1:4).
6. The Church of God, called in the same chapter, the Church of the living God
(1 Tim. 3:5, 15) to whom was directed that ministry of re-adjustment which had in view the building up of the body of Christ until all arrived in the unity of the faith, etc. (Eph. 4:11-13).
7. The Church of the One Body, the calling that goes back before the foundation of the world, and ascends to
the position "far above all" where Christ sits. This church is entirely disassociated from all previous companies, having no
relation with Israel, Abraham or New Covenant, but filling the great dispensational parenthesis of Israel's blindness, which
fell on that nation in Acts 28. The status, calling and constitution of this Church can be gathered by reading Ephesians and
Colossians, remembering as the reading progresses, ever to "try the things that differ."
8. The seven Churches of Asia (Rev. 1-3), one of them namely the Church at Pergamos, will be in the city
"where Satan's seat is" (Rev. 2:13). These seven churches will resume where the Church of Pentecost left off and carry
the fulfilment of Joel 2:28,29 through to its end. In these Churches there will be some who will "say they are Jews and are
not" (Rev. 2:9). This company, though enumerated separately, really falls under heading No. 4, but owing to the setting
aside of Israel at the coming in of the dispensation of the Mystery, we have listed these Churches separately.
We believe that the earnest student who obeys the injunction of 2 Timothy 2:15 and discovers under which of these
heads "the church" under examination falls, will have no difficulty in correctly relating any church mentioned in the N.T. with its respective calling and dispensation.
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The Church
